Ephesos has been one of the significant settlement areas of Western Anatolia since prehistoric times. During the ancient period, settlement shifted to the area now known as the ancient city of Ephesos. Situated between the slopes of Panayır Mountain and Bülbül Mountain, this city was reconstructed by Lysimachus, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, after the Macedonian king ended Persian dominance in Anatolia. This reconstruction gave the city an ancient urban layout and allowed Ephesos to gain a true city identity during the Hellenistic Period.
Ephesos is known as a leading port city and cultural center of the ancient period. Its advantageous location for maritime trade and fertile agricultural lands contributed to the city’s rapid growth and development, both economically and socially. Connected to critical trade networks of the Mediterranean, Ephesos prospered and gained an international identity thanks to its strategic position.
In 133 BCE, when the Kingdom of Pergamon was bequeathed to the Roman Empire, Ephesos became part of the Asia Province and maintained its strategic importance as the provincial capital. The city became a prominent center during the Roman period, known for its architectural structures and cultural activities.
The daily life of Ephesos during the ancient period has always been a subject of curiosity. One of the most significant structures shedding light on this era is the Terrace Houses at the foot of Bülbül Mountain. These houses reflect the lifestyle, aesthetic sensibilities, and social status of Ephesos’ wealthy class. With their mosaic floors, wall decorations, and advanced architecture, these houses provide valuable insights into the ancient period’s daily life and social hierarchy.
Throughout its history, Ephesos has been a substantial settlement for various civilizations. With its architectural structures and cultural influences, it has become one of the most significant ancient cities of Western Anatolia. The city held roles as both a religious and commercial center, which made Ephesos unique in the ancient period.
