Dionysos, known as the god of wine, harvest, and theater, held a special place in the hearts of both the people and the ruling elite. This deep devotion materialized in Pergamon with the construction of a magnificent temple dedicated to him.
Although the exact date of the temple’s construction is unknown, it is dated to the period of the Pergamon Kingdom (280–133 BCE). Built on a high platform with its back resting against the cliffs, the temple is accessed by a grand staircase. It is positioned dominantly on the theater terrace, which is approximately 250 meters long and lined with colonnaded galleries (stoas) on both sides. Its architectural design and proximity to the theater reflect the reverence for Dionysos as the god of theater and the spatial connection between the deity and theatrical performances. Inscriptions, coins, and other archaeological findings unearthed in Pergamon indicate that the cult of Dionysos flourished in this region, particularly around the theater.
Between 198 and 217 CE, Roman Emperor Caracalla came to be referred to as the “young-new Dionysos.” Through strengthened ties with the Roman Empire, devotion to Dionysos continued and even grew during the Roman period. It is believed that the temple was renovated and clad in marble under Caracalla’s rule.
The Temple of Dionysos was not merely a place of worship but also a central element of social and cultural activities. Due to its close proximity to the theater, it played a prominent role during festivals, theatrical performances, and various public events, making it an integral part of Pergamon’s cultural life.